Russia the formation of the state in the 9th century Veneds and the severjans (northerners), part of the Huns, which became the basis of a new community

White gods of the Indo-Europeans

The Baltic Slavs had a deity BEL-God, his name was interpreted as kind, good. But the main thing is that he is WHITE. Bel-Bog sometimes became Chernobog, in a rage. And then it becomes clear why. Indrika, in the legends of the North is also called Blue.

Diomedes wounded Aphrodite at Troy according to the legend set forth by Homer:

The moisture that flows from the inhabitants of the happy sky:

For they do not eat brushes, nor do they partake of grapes of wine;

That is why they are bloodless, and they call them immortals.

With a loud cry, the goddess threw her son out of her arms;

Apollo quickly took him into his arms and accepted and rescued him,

ἰχώρ, οἷός πέρ τε ῥέει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσιν:

οὐ γὰρ σῖτον ἔδουσ᾽, οὐ πίνουσ᾽ αἴθοπα οἶνον,

τοὔνεκ᾽ ἀναίμονές εἰσι καὶ ἀθάνατοι καλέονται.

ἣ δὲ μέγα ἰάχουσα ἀπὸ ἕο κάββαλεν υἱόν:

καὶ τὸν μὲν μετὰ χερσὶν ἐρύσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων

And ICHOR, the transparent blood of the gods, flowed from the WOUND. So it is ichor that flows in the veins of the gods, making them immortal. BUT – the blood is transparent, namely the blood passing through the smallest capillaries gives the skin a pinkish tint. Blue, hesbej or irtiu, was made from a mixture of copper oxide with iron oxide, or from ground precious lapis lazuli or turquoise. Blue and blue – a semblance of the vast heavens and endless waters of the eternal ocean of Nun, symbolized life, rebirth and the blessed floods of the Nile. The feathers of the sacred bird Benu and the flesh of the universal god Amon-Ra were blue. THAT IS THE GODS EXACTLY WHITE IN THE DIRECT, AND NOT THE PORTABLE SENSE OF THE WORD. Sometimes in India, Krishna is portrayed not even with white skin, but with a bluish tinge of face. Here we should remember the legends about the BLUE BLOOD of the Chosen.

And in a rage the Gods terrified. After all, it is known that when a person is angry, the adrenaline rush and more blood enters the capillaries, that is, the face turns red. And what will happen to the Blue Blood, Ichor???

RIGHT. WE WILL SEE A BLUE (BLACK) FACE OF DEITY full of rage. Kali’s anger is so terrible that it threatens the existence of the world, therefore a special theme in mythology is the pacification of Kali. Also in mythology, Kali is the protector of the gods and bestowing liberation.

The presence of heads adorning the deity is also important here. The Sarmatians also have a similar image.

The Sarmatian goddess rides a lioness, under the body of the lioness is a human head.

Initially, Achilles, according to Agamestra of Pharsalus, the son of Peleus and Thetis bore the name Pyrrisius (“Ice”). That is, it was also called snow-white.

There were such sayings associated with the blue blood of aristocrats, apparently based on memories of IKHORA. So the Deities are most similar in the Representation of Indo-Europeans, and indeed the Chinese and Japanese, as Shining (emitting light) and with a WHITE skin color (almost like vampires in a movie).

And among the Ugric, Volga tribes, the gods are called WHITE. The Mari worshiped many gods known as Yumo, while recognizing the supremacy of the Big White God (Osh Kugu-Yumo).

BUT – without red eyes, and the lips should be blue, like the nails. This is well described in the book of Solovyov The Dead Princess and the Seven Dreamers)

Opponents will say, where is the evidence!!! Actually, here is the image of Apollo wrestling with Hercules. The Greeks were dark-skinned, and by no means Negroes, but APOLLO WAS WHITE. Yes, he is depicted on the Vase. Do other peoples have memory? Remained, and even what! everyone’s favorite fairy tales “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”, as well as “The Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs” and “Snow Maiden”. There is a legend about this custom in the tale of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and the Snow Maiden. Snow White and the Princess in the fairy tale do not die, but only fall asleep, and even after three days are not subject to decay. That is, there is a memory of the appearance of goddesses who did not die, and had an unnaturally WHITE complexion. And one more thing – these girls were UNNaturally loved by animals, they were not afraid.

In fairy tales, girls are mentioned with unnaturally white faces, similar in color to ice, that is, really WHITE. Most likely, the matter is in IСHOR, the divine transparent blood (or, hence the legend about BLUE blood of the chosen ones), and then, of course, the skin color due to the capillaries will be whiter than snow (or slightly bluish).

In English, cold also means cool, and cool means cool, shameless. But – direct translation – cold, cold.

In Russian legends about Indrik:

“And the beast Indrik appeared. And the beast Indrik became a father to all beasts, a beast to all beasts. The beast Indrik itself is blue, and his eyes are golden. And maybe even the beast Indrik turns into a mighty blue warrior. His eyes are golden, he glows with a blue radiance of inner light, he holds a stone club in his hands, and he is dressed in stone armor. And so it is huge, higher than the mountains it is underground. The beast Indrik is a giant warrior underground in the underworld in a stone chariot.

Well, of course, people tried to be like gods, and therefore the custom of whitening of faces appeared.

“Women in Muscovy have a graceful appearance and a specious beauty of the face, but their natural beauty is spoiled by useless rubbing. They smear their faces so that almost at the distance of a shot you can see the paints stuck on their faces,”

The Church extremely disapproved of this practice, but could not do anything, and Archpriest Avvakum in vain complained:

“Other women will disgrace their face, and put on packs of colors – otherwise scarlet, other white, other blue, which is like a vile beast licks”

That is, the church was against this custom, and it is archaic to the extreme. This custom was reflected in the Tashtyks of Siberia, who used plaster or chalk to make up the dead, making them similar to Gods.

The idea of people in Eurasia that the gods can be ONLY WHITE is reflected in the canonical art of Christianity.

Yamal mummies

During the excavation of the Zeleny Yar archaeological site in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, scientists discovered several mummified remains of ancient people. One of the mummies belonged to a beautiful young woman.

Specialists from the Institute for the Problems of Northern Development, together with colleagues from the National University of Seoul, began to study the mummies found during excavations of the archaeological complex “Zeleny Yar”, located 40 kilometers east of Salekhard. It consists of three monuments: a bronze casting workshop of the 6th-7th centuries. AD, burial ground VIII – IX centuries. and a burial ground of the XIII century. The first excavations were carried out here in 1976; since then, scientists have uncovered 70 burials, including collective ones. Fragments of ceramics, remnants of fur clothing and shoes, as well as copper objects: a bracelet, a cauldron and plates from a cauldron were found in them. The burials date back to the VIII – IX and XIII centuries; either men or children were laid to rest in them, but not a single adult woman has yet been found. The first female burial was opened only in the 2017 field season. The woman lived in the 12th century. A copper mask covered her face, which ensured his safety. Scientists managed to restore the appearance of the deceased – during her lifetime she was quite beautiful, had thick hair, long eyelashes and strong teeth. Fragments of the body, wrapped in birch bark and fur, are worse preserved. To date, scientists have only managed to establish that her height was 155 centimeters, and she died at the age of about 35 years.

The archaeological complex near the village of Zeleny Yar was discovered in 1997 during the work of the Russian-American expedition under the “Living Yamal” project. Excavations began there in 1999. It soon became clear that the complex consists of three parts: a bronze casting workshop of the 6th-7th centuries AD, a burial ground of the 8th-9th centuries and a burial ground of the 13th century. In 1999—2002, scientists uncovered 35 burials, 14 of which belonged to an early burial ground, and the rest – to a burial ground of the 13th century. The mummified remains of people were first discovered there: one adult man and four children aged one to two and six to seven years.

The medieval necropolis near the village of Zeleny Yar was discovered in 1997. Consists of three monuments: a bronze casting workshop of the VI – VII centuries. AD, a burial ground of the 8th – 9th centuries. and a burial ground of the XIII century. In 1999—2002, 35 burials were uncovered. For the first time, the mummified remains of one adult man and four children aged 1—2 and 6—7 years were discovered.

In July 2015, scientists found a birch bark cocoon, 1.3 meters long and about 30 cm wide, in which they found the mummy of a boy, presumably who died at the age of six to seven years. In a late burial ground, the remains of people buried in wooden sarcophagi, boats or wrapped in birch bark were found. All buried persons are dressed in fur clothes. In the space between the graves, they found bronze (copper) cauldrons with deliberately punctured bottoms, silver dishes and jewelry made of silver and bronze.

The mountains of the modern Urals in ancient times were called by the name of Yama-Ima – the mountains of Imaum. So they are signed on most ancient geographical maps. In the Middle Urals, one of the highest mountains bears the name of Yama (in India, the creator of the World) – Mount Yaman-tau. In the Northern Urals and in Yamal, near the Oka Bay, there were sacred Russian places – the abode of Maya Zlatogorka. In ancient times, on Yamal, there was a monument depicting Maya Zlatogorka (lit. Zlata Baba) and her two children – Kupala and Kostroma. This monument is depicted on many maps. There are similar images of Aphrodite with two children. In pre-Christian times, that is, until the 15th century, the Axis of Peace passed through Yamal. She was portrayed by the famous traveler Willem Barentsz on his map of the North Pole in 1598.

Migration of Indo-Europeans to the West, East and South

Yamnaya culture

The beginning of the formation of the culture of the Indo-Europeans is associated with the Yamnaya culture. In European historiography, it is the Yamniks who are considered the ancestors of all Europeans. In the passports of the Anglo-Saxons, the term “Caucasus” is written, meaning a Caucasian.

The Yamnaya culture (more precisely, the Ancient Pit culture and historical community) is an archaeological culture of the late Copper Age – Early Bronze Age (3600—2300 BC). It occupied the territory from the Southern Urals in the east to the Dniester in the west, from the Ciscaucasia in the south to the Middle Volga in the north. The Yamnaya culture was predominantly nomadic, with elements of hoe farming near rivers and in some settlements. The hoes were made of bones (horns). Pottery of the Yamnaya culture is becoming more perfect. And blackened dishes appear, although, possibly, milky (the film is formed due to milk.

Pottery of the Yamnaya culture.

Yamniks created wheeled carts (carts). The earliest finds in Eastern Europe of the remains of four-wheeled carts were found in burials under the burial mounds of the Yamnaya culture (for example, the “Watchtower” on the territory of the Dnieper, the burial ground near the village of Yasski in the Odessa region, the Shumaevsky burial ground in the Orenburg region, etc.). A characteristic feature of the Yamnaya culture is the burial of the dead in pits under the mounds in the supine position with bent knees. The bodies were showered with ocher. Burials in the mounds were numerous and were often carried out at different times. Burials of animals (cows, pigs, sheep, goats and horses) were also found. In the steppe zone from the Danube River in the west to the headwaters of the Manych River in the east, there are about 160 burials of the Yamnaya culture with the remains of wheeled vehicles (wheels, carts), as well as their clay models and remains of drawings. The oldest finds date from a calibrated scale to the 32nd century BC. e.

Four-wheeled carts were found on the banks of the Yalpukh River in the south-west of Moldova, near the village of Mayaki on the left bank of the Lower Dniester, near the village of Sofiyivka on the Ingulets River, in another burial on Ingul. The remains of a two-wheeled carriage come from the pit burial of the Watchtower burial mound near the city of Dnipro. Another carriage was found in the Pervokonstantinovka burial ground near Kakhovka, and the remains of a two-wheeled carriage were found near the village of Akkermen in the Melitopol region. One wheel each was found in a pit burial near the city of Rostov, in burial mound 7 of the Gerasimovka I, Shumaevo II burial ground in the Urals. In Shumaevo OK II / 2 3 wheels were found, Izobilny I 3/1 – 4 imitation wheels. Both wheels of a two-wheeled wooden cart from the Sentinel grave of the Yamnaya culture near the city of Dnipro (III millennium BC) were made of a solid piece of wood, cut longitudinally, with round holes for the axle and thick hubs.

In the region of Samara, a burial of two people was found with an antiquity of 3 800 years. The bodies are laid next to each other, face to face. As shown by the analysis of the genetic material, both people died from the plague bacillus, which had a genetic type similar to Justinian’s plague, and had the ability to live in fleas and thus rapidly spread from person to person. Considering that the plague stick from near Samara is the oldest example of such a mutation in the plague, scientists have confirmed that the massive migration of the population from the Yamnaya culture reached Europe, eventually giving rise to the Corded Ware Culture, and in Central Asia and Altai – the Afanasyev culture. Analyzes of the remains of other European cultures – Srubnaya, Sintashtinskaya, Potapovskaya and Andronovskaya, confirm that the plague bacillus has genetically related lines with the one that was found near the village of Mikhailovsky. These crops represent an example of the reverse migration that the farmers of these crops carried out from Europe, all the way to Central Asia. Yamnaya culture originates from the Khvalyn culture in the middle reaches of the Volga and from the Sredniy Stog culture in the middle reaches of the Dnieper, and it is also genetically called with the culture of funnel-shaped cups. The Yamnaya culture is replaced by the Poltava culture. In the west, the Yamnaya culture is replaced by the catacomb culture. In the east – the Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures. The Kemi-Obinsk culture of Crimea is a derivative of the Yamnaya culture.

And in the Yamnaya culture, the rite of rendering harmless the dead can already be traced. Double pit burial Tamar-Utkul VIII. The upper skeleton is abundantly sprinkled with ocher, the lower one is dissected and placed in the legs. Speaking about the dismemberment of the dead among the Yamny tribes, we should also mention a somewhat similar custom of demembration. The rite of demembration, in its basic understanding, means the deliberate displacement of the bones of the human skeleton from their original position and placing them either in disorder or in an order directly opposite to the original position in which the deceased was at the time of burial. Not taking into account the cases when dismembered skeletons play an accompanying role with undisturbed skeletons, it can be reliably judged that demembration observed in the burials of the Yamnaya culture of the region is a sign of a certain social stratum of society in the Early Bronze Age.

However, it is also important that to the east of the Dniester, pit burials with the use of reingumation are much less common than on the territory of the Prut-Dniester interfluve. This observation, to a certain extent, can serve as proof that demembration and the custom of laying the bones of the buried in a “package” is a narrowly local feature for the Yamna culture of the Dniester-Danube region.

No traces of the archaeological influence of the Yamnaya culture in South Asia, including Tajikistan, have been found. Linguistic research also suggests that the languages of the Indo-Iranian group could have come to South Asia not 3000—2500 BC, but later – between 2300—1200. BC. These findings prompted a new search for a source for the languages that were spreading during that period. As a result, the study showed that there is no mass migration of nomads-steppe people to South Asia from the Yamnaya culture in the Early Bronze Age and the like; however, it is possible. there was a migration from steppe cultures in the late Bronze Age. Metal raw materials were mined in the Kargalinsky mining and metallurgical center.

Catacomb culture

The catacomb cultural and historical community is an ethnocultural association of the Middle Bronze Age (XXV – XX centuries BC), widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe zone from the Urals and the North Caucasus to the lower Danube. It was originally identified as an archaeological culture in 1901—1903. V. A. Gorodtsov.

Later, researchers identified local variants, which were identified as independent archaeological cultures. The concept of “catacomb cultural and historical community” was introduced into scientific circulation. Presented by the monuments of the following catacomb cultures:

– Early Catacomb (XXV – XXIII centuries BC),

– Donetsk (XXIII – XX centuries BC),

– Middle Don (XXVIII – XXVII—XX centuries BC),

– ingul (XXVIII – XX centuries BC).

The pioneer of the catacomb culture was V.A. and a burial chamber (burial place). In accordance with the design features of the burial structure, the culture allocated by him was called the catacomb culture. Catacomb burials are known in the same region much later, both in the Sarmatian time, and in the burials of the Saltovsko-Maetskaya cultures. The very structure of the grave – consisting of a dromos and a burial chamber, often with a dome, has parallels in the famous tomb of King Hinze in Germany, and probably with the device of the famous domed tombs of Hellas. The southernmost monuments are known in the Crimean steppes, and the most northern ones are near Kursk and Yelets. Catacomb settlements are known on the Don (near Rostov), Kibikinskoye near Lugansk, Ternovskoye near Kamyshin on the Volga, etc. Later, researchers turned their attention to the heterogeneity of catacomb sites in various territories, which contributed to the identification of a number local options. With the accumulation of archaeological material, the prerequisites were created for understanding local variants as independent archaeological cultures of a single catacomb cultural-historical community, which was ultimately done in the early 1970s by researchers L. S. Klein and O. G. Shaposhnikova.

The problem of the origin of the catacomb culture (later the catacomb cultural and historical community) was posed at the beginning of the 20th century by V.A.Gorodtsov, almost immediately after the discovery of burial burials in the catacombs on the Seversky Donets, but it still remains controversial. Researchers are discussing autochthonous and migration theories of the origin of the tribes of the catacomb community. The adherents of the autochthonous theory believe that the emergence of the catacomb community should be associated with the further development of the local Yamnaya population. Supporters of the migration theory express the idea that the catacomb tribes go back genetically to the Yamnoye, but arise under the strong migration influence of the populations of the Ciscaucasia. The type of economy of the carriers of the catacomb cultural and historical community was determined by the ecological conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. So, in the steppe, pastoral or distant pasture cattle breeding of the nomadic type, which was based on the breeding of cattle and small ruminants, took root. In the forest-steppe, the model of pastoral or stall cattle breeding is spreading with a predominance of cattle and pigs in the herd. The catacomb cultural and historical community is characterized by ancestral settlements and low (up to 1 m) burial mounds without cremation. Catacomb burial device, ritual ceramic censer, cord stamp ornament, flat-bottomed cups, twisted corpse position on the side. Wooden carts are found in the burials. Ceramic implements contain elements of the globular amphora and corded pottery cultures of Central and Eastern Europe.

Temple lobed rings Blackened dishes with spiral patterns

The pottery is also blackened, with a relief pattern, often spiral, which brings them closer to the Tripillian ones, but the people of the Catacomb culture did not apply the pattern to the dishes, but squeezed it out. This brings the ceramics of the Catacomb culture closer to that of the Middle Hellenic culture.

Minian pottery of Crete.

The pottery of the Catacombs differs from the primitive and uniformly shaped dishes of the ancient pit culture. Known flat-bottomed pots with convex sides and a narrowed neck, the surface of which is decorated with an ornament applied by prints of a twisted rope, comb teeth or just a sharp object. The motives of the ornament are triangles, zigzags, but circles and spirals are more common, reflecting the cosmic ideas of the ancient farmers about the solar deity and mysterious plant principles that turn grains into stems, which in turn give rise to many of the same grains.

A metallurgical center was located on the territory of Donbass. This is also confirmed by the finds in the Donetsk catacomb burials of stone beaters, which were used for crushing ore before washing and smelting. In the inventory of the catacomb culture, there are bronze items: leaf-shaped knives, axes with eyelets, awls and bronze decorations, but most of the tools were still made of stone and bone. In the Dmitrovsky mound No. 6 in the Zaporozhye region, at the entrance to the burial chamber, a wooden catacomb cart with a fully preserved wheel, 5 thousand years old, was found. A two-wheeled cart with a preserved wheel 0.6 m in diameter is known from the Tyagunova Mogila catacomb burial in the Zaporozhye village of Maryevka. In the burial complex Ulan IV of the Western Manich catacomb culture in the Rostov region, a four-wheeled carriage was discovered, made in the XXIII century BC. e.

Skulls of the catacomb stage are distinguished by brachycrania and a higher vault than in the Yamnaya culture. Male skulls are characterized by a high mesocranial cranium, a highly profiled wide face, wide cheekbones, a high nose bridge, and a very large protrusion of the nasal bones. In the steppe Dnieper region, there are three craniological options:

– brachycranial – does not find analogues of the Bronze Age.

– mesocranial – reveals a distant resemblance to the skulls of the Afanasyevsk culture of Altai.

– dolichocranic – similar to the Noua and Srubnaya culture groups.

If we talk about the catacomb culture, apparently, the rite of rendering harmless the dead, dismembering dead bodies to neutralize their harm to the living, was not only inherited from the pit, but also received further development. So, among the catacomb tribes, the custom of decapitation (separation of the head) became widespread, which can be considered on the example of the Middle Don catacomb culture.

Finds of burials with detached skulls are recorded throughout the entire territory of the Middle Don catacomb culture from the Seversky Donets to the Don-Volga interfluve (the Khoper River). On the territory of the Middle Don, among more than 400 burials of the Middle Don catacomb culture, five burials with skeletons are known, in which the separation of the skull of the buried person has been reliably recorded.

All examined burials were accompanied by ocher, which was located both in separate burial places and completely covered the skeleton of the deceased. In each burial, ocher, as it were, emphasizes the special ritual significance of the objects it accompanies. This type of “special burial” is distinguished by a variety of accompanying inventory. The set of implements in each burial is individual, but a common feature for all burials is its originality. Almost all decapitated burials were accompanied by animal bones. In addition, a particularly interesting find is two divination bones. According to some researchers, “dice”, but rather oracle bones, that is, the buried person was a representative of the priestly group. “Dice with signs” or dice, namely the oracular dice, originally had a cult character, were the prerogative of a certain class associated with the performance of priestly functions. The flute and the bone hairpin (Vlasovka 12/3) are among the cult objects. The deceased already have an artificial deformation of the skulls. According to A.T. Sinyuka, all burials, where the burial rite was used under the mound, indicate the high social status of the deceased. Only prominent representatives of society and their immediate entourage could claim burials under the mound. But even from this series of burials, decapitated burials stand out according to special features. Researchers believe that it is possible to assert with a fair degree of confidence that decapitated burials are not a specific feature of a particular culture of the catacomb community, but most likely have a supracultural nature, reflecting the complex social structure of tribes – carriers of catacomb traditions. The burial place of a teenager girl was found. It was hammered in with boulders weighing hundreds of kilograms, which speaks of a lot of fear inspired by such a young creature. But the belief in the “malefic” dead seems obvious and proven.