12. Will – Inheritance
testamentum facere, conscribere– to make a will.
testamentum obsignare (B. G. 1. 39) – to sign a will.
testamentum resignare– to open a will.
testamentum rescindere– to declare a will to be null and void.
testamentum subicere, supponere– to produce a false will.
testamentum irritum facere, rumpere– to annul, revoke a will.
testamento aliquid cavere (Fin. 2. 31) – to prescribe in one's will.
pecuniam alicui legare– to leave money to a person in one's will.
aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere– to appoint some one as heir in one's will.
alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema)– the last wishes of a deceased person.
heredem esse alicui– to be some one's heir.
hereditate aliquid accipere– to inherit something.
exheres paternorum bonorum (De Or. 1. 38. 175) – disinherited.
exheredari a patre– to be disinherited.
hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo– something has been left as a legacy by some one.
hereditas ad me or mihi venit ab aliquo (Verr. 2. 1. 10) – I have received a legacy from a person.
hereditatem adire, cernere– to take possession of an inheritance.
heres ex asse, ex dodrante– sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the estate.
heres ex besse– heir to two-thirds of the property.
13. Custom – Usage
assuefactus 236 or assuetus aliqua re– accustomed to a thing.
in consuetudinem or morem venire– to become customary, the fashion.
in nostros mores inducere aliquid (De Or. 2. 28) – to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing.
consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere, 237 servare– to keep up a usage.
consuetudo inveterascit (B. G. 5. 41. 5) – a custom is taking root, growing up.
res obsolescit– a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete.
a vetere consuetudine discedere– to give up old customs.
a pristina consuetudine deflectere– to give up old customs.
in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid– to return to ancient usage.
aliquid est meae consuetudinis– it is my custom.
aliquid cadit in meam consuetudinem– it is my custom.
mos (moris) est, ut (Brut. 21. 84) – it is customary to…
more, usu receptum est– it is traditional usage.
ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit– as usually happens.
ut solet, ut fieri solet– as usually happens.
ita fert consuetudo– so custom, fashion prescribes.
ex consuetudine mea (opp. praeter consuetudinem) – according to my custom.
more institutoque maiorum (Mur. 1. 1) – according to the custom and tradition of my fathers.
ex instituto (Liv. 6. 10. 6) – according to traditional usage.
XIII. Commerce and Agriculture
1. Commerce in General – Purchase – Price
negotiatores 238 (Verr. 2. 69. 168) – business-men.
homines negotii (always in sing.) gerentes– business-men.
negotii bene gerentes (Quint. 19. 62) – good men of business.
negotium obire or exsequi– to be engaged upon a transaction, carry it out.
negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere– to settle, finish a transaction.
mercaturam facere– to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business.
negotia habere (in Sicilia)– to have commercial interests in Sicily.
contrahere rem or negotium cum aliquo (Cluent. 14. 41) – to have business relations with some one.
transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo or inter se– to transact, settle a matter with some one.
nihil cum aliquo contrahere– to do no business with a man.
quaestum facere (Fam. 15. 14) – to make money.
quaestui aliquid habere (Off. 2. 3. 13) – to make a profit out of something.
res, quae importantur et exportantur– imports and exports.
exponere, proponere merces (venales)– to set out goods for sale.
parvo, vili pretio or bene emere– to buy cheaply.
magno or male emere– to buy dearly.
aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat– a thing costs much, little.
aliquid nihilo or gratis constat– a thing costs nothing.
pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere (Att. 13. 22) – to fix a price for a thing.
2. Money – Interest – Loans
pecunia magna,239 grandis (multum pecuniae)– much money.
pecunia exigua or tenuis– little money.
pecunia praesens (vid. sect. V. 9, note Notice too…) or numerata– cash; ready money.
aes (argentum) signatum– coined money; bullion.
argentum (factum) (Verr. 5. 25. 63) – silver plate.
nummi adulterini– bad money; base coin.
pecuniam erogare (in classem)– to spend money.
pecuniam insumere in aliquid or consumere in aliqua re– to devote money to a purpose.
pecuniam numerare alicui (Att. 16. 16) – to pay cash.
pecuniam solvere– to pay money.
pecuniam alicui debere– to owe some one money.
pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris)– to lend some one money (without interest).
pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo– to lend, borrow money at interest.
pecuniam fenore occupare (Flacc. 21. 54) – to put out money at interest.
pecuniam collocare 240 in aliqua re– to put money in an undertaking.
pecunia iacet otiosa– the money is bringing in no interest, lies idle.
pecuniam mutuari or sumere mutuam ab aliquo– to borrow money from some one.
pecuniam alicui mutuam dare– to lend money to some one.
pecuniam creditam solvere– to repay a loan.
non solvendo 241 esse (Phil. 2. 2. 4) – to be bankrupt.
pecuniam exigere (acerbe)– to demand payment.
magnas pecunias ex aliqua re (e.g. ex metallis) facere– to have a large income from a thing (e.g. from mines).
nummus iactatur (Off. 3. 20. 80) – the bank-rate varies.
versuram facere (Att. 5. 21. 12) – to transfer a debt.
nummulis acceptis (Att. 1. 16. 6) – for a trifle, a beggarly pittance.
3. Money-Matters – Accounts – Audit
res nummaria or pecuniaria– finance; money-matters.
ratio pecuniarum– finance; money-matters.
argentariam facere (Verr. 5. 59. 155) – to be a banker.
argentariam dissolvere (Caecin. 4. 11) – to close one's bank, give up banking.
codex or tabulae ratio accepti et expensi– account-book; ledger.
nomina facere or in tabulas referre– to book a debt.
pecunia in nominibus 242 est– money is outstanding, unpaid.
pecuniam in nominibus habeo– I have money owing me.
alicui expensum ferre aliquid– to put a thing down to a man's account.
alicui acceptum referre aliquid 243 (Verr. 2. 70. 170) – to put down to a man's credit.
rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere– to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
ad calculos vocare aliquid (Amic. 16. 58) – to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere– to do something after careful calculation.
rationes putare 244 cum aliquo– to balance accounts with some one.
ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)– the accounts balance.
ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi) (Amic. 16. 58) – the account of receipts and expenditure.
rationem diligenter conficere– to keep the accounts (day-book) carefully.
summam facere alicuius rei– to compute the total of anything.
de capite deducere (vid. sect. XII. 1, note Notice too…) aliquid– to subtract something from the capital.
rationem alicuius rei reddere– to render count of a matter; to pass it for audit.
rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquem or ab aliquo– to demand an account, an audit of a matter.
rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re (Cluent. 37. 104) – to demand an account, an audit of a matter.
4. Rate of Interest
centesimae (sc. usurae) (Att. 5. 21. 11) – interest at 1 per cent per month, 12 per cent per annum.
binis centesimis fenerari– to lend at 24 per cent.245
ternae centesimae– 36 per cent per annum.
quaternas centesimas postulare (Att. 5. 21. 11) – to demand 48 per cent.
semisses– 6 per cent (i.e. if for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a denarius, half an as per month).
semissibus magna copia est– money is plentiful at 6 per cent.
usurae semissium (Colum.) – 6 per cent.
usurae semisses (Jurists) – 6 per cent.
quadrantes usurae– 3 per cent (a quarter of centesima).
trientes or trientariae usurae (Att. 4. 15) – 4 per cent.
quincunx (Pers. 5. 149) – 5 per cent.
quincunces usurae– 5 per cent.
fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus (Att. 4. 15. 7) – the rate of interest has gone up from 4 per cent to 8 per cent.
perpetuum fenus (Att. 5. 21. 13) – simple interests.
fenus renovatum– compound interest.
anatocismus (ἀνατοκισμός) (Att. 5. 21. 11) – compound interest.
fenus iniquissimum, grande, grave– exorbitant rate of interest.
usura menstrua– monthly interest.
centesimis cum anatocismo contentum esse (Att. 5. 21. 12) – to be content with 12 per cent at compound interest.
5. Profit – Credit – Debt
lucrum facere (opp. damnum facere) ex aliqua re– to make profit out of a thing.
in lucro ponere aliquid (Flacc. 17. 40) – to consider a thing as profit.
debitor, or is qui debet– the debtor.
creditor, or is cui debeo– the creditor.
fides et ratio pecuniarum– credit and financial position.
fides (vid. sect. IX. 10, note fides has six…) concidit– credit is going down.
fidem derogare alicui– to rob a person of his credit.
fides aliquem deficere coepit– a man's credit begins to go down.
fides (de foro) sublata est (Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8) – credit has disappeared.
fides tota Italia est angusta– credit is low throughout Italy.
fidem moliri (Liv. 6. 11. 8) – to shake credit.
laborare de pecunia– to have pecuniary difficulties.
in summa difficultate nummaria versari (Verr. 2. 28. 69) – to be in severe pecuniary straits.
in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci– to be reduced to extreme financial embarrassment.
aes alienum (always in sing.) facere, contrahere– to incur debts.
grande, magnum (opp. exiguum) aes alienum conflare– to incur debts on a large scale.
incidere in aes alienum– to get into debt.
aes alienum habere– to be in debt.
in aere alieno esse– to be in debt.
in suis nummis versari (Verr. 4. 6. 11) – to have no debts.
aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse– to be deeply in debt.
aere alieno oppressum esse– to have pressing debts.
aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere– to pay one's debts.
nomina (cf. sect. XIII. 3) solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere– to pay one's debts.
nomina exigere (Verr. 3. 10. 28) – to demand payment of, recover debts.
ex aere alieno exire– to get out of debt.
aere alieno liberari– to get out of debt.
versurā solvere, dissolvere (Att. 5. 15. 2) – to pay one's old debts by making new.
6. Building
opus locare– to contract for the building of something.
opus redimere, conducere– to undertake the contract for a work.
domum aedificandam locare, conducere– to give, undertake a contract for building a house.
aedificatorem esse (Nep. Att. 13. 1) – to be fond of building.
exstruere aedificium, monumentum– to erect a building, a monument.
fundamenta iacere, agere– to lay the foundations.
turrim excitare, erigere, facere– to build a tower.
oppidum constituere, condere– to build, found a city.
pontem facere in flumine– to build a bridge over a river.
inicere pontem– to build a bridge over a river.
flumen ponte iungere– to build a bridge over a river.
pons est in flumine– there is a bridge over the river.
pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere (B. G. 2. 9. 4) – to break down a bridge.
luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere 246– to obstruct a person's view, shut out his light by building.
7. Agriculture – Management of Stock
agrum colere (Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 67) – to till the ground.
agros fertiles deserere– to leave fertile ground untilled.
agriculturae studere (opp. agriculturam deserere) – to have a taste for agriculture.
opus rusticum– tillage; cultivation.
in agris esse, habitare– to live in the country.
serere; semen spargere– to sow.
sementem facere (B. G. 1. 3. 1) – to look after the sowing.
ut sementem feceris, ita metes (proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65) – as you sow, so will you reap.
laetae segetes– the laughing cornfields.
laetissimi flores (Verr. 4. 48. 107) – a glorious expanse of flowers.
odores, qui efflantur e floribus– the perfume exhaled by flowers.
messis in herbis est (Liv. 25. 15) – the crop is in the blade.
adhuc tua messis in herba est (proverb.) – your crop is still green, i. e. you are still far from your ambition.
frumenta in agris matura non sunt (B. G. 1. 16. 2) – the corn is not yet ripe.
messem facere– to reap.
fructus demetere or percipere– to reap.
fructus condere (N. D. 2. 62. 156) – to harvest crops.
messis opīma (opp. ingrata) – a good harvest.
arbores serere (De Sen. 7. 24) – to plant trees.
arbores caedere– to fell trees.
inopia (opp. copia) rei frumentariae– want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
difficultas annonae (Imp. Pomp. 15. 44) – want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
annona ingravescit, crescit– the price of corn is going up.
annona laxatur, levatur, vilior fit– the price of corn is going down.
caritas annonae (opp. vilitas), also simply annona– dearth of corn; high prices.
ad denarios 247 L in singulos modios annona pervenerat– corn had gone up to 50 denarii the bushel.
annona cara est– corn is dear.
hac annona (Plaut. Trin. 2. 4. 83) – when corn is as dear as it is.
rem pecuariam facere, exercere (cf. Varr R. R. 2. 1) – to rear stock.
pastum agere– to drive to pasture.
pastum ire– to go to pasture.
pascere gregem– to feed a flock (of goats).
greges pascuntur 248 (Verg. G. 3. 162) – the herds are grazing.
alere equos, canes– to keep horses, dogs.
animalia quae nobiscum degunt (Plin. 8. 40) – domestic animals.
XIV. The State
1. Constitution – Administration – Government
forma rei publicae– the constitution.
descriptio civitatis– the constitution.
instituta et leges– the constitution.
rem publicam constituere 249– to give the state a constitution.
rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare (Tusc. 1. 1. 2) – to give the state a constitution.
civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere– to give the state a constitution.
suis legibus utitur (B. G. 1. 45. 3) – (a state) has its own laws, is autonomous.
nullam habere rem publicam– to have no constitution, be in anarchy.
rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere– to restore the ancient constitution.
optima re publica– at the time of a most satisfactory government.
libera res publica, liber populus– the Republic.
rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare– to govern, administer the state.
rei publicae praeesse– to have the management of the state.
ad gubernacula (metaph. only in plur.) rei publicae sedere– to hold the reins of government.
clavum rei publicae tenere– to hold the reins of government.
gubernacula rei publicae tractare– to hold the reins of government.
principem civitatis esse– to be the chief man in the state.
principem in re publica locum obtinere– to hold the first position in the state.
negotia publica (Off. 1. 20. 69) – public affairs.
vita occupata (vid. sect. VII. 2) – the busy life of a statesman.
accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam– to devote oneself to politics, a political career.
rem publicam capessere (Off. 1. 21. 71) – to devote oneself to politics, a political career.
in re publica or in rebus publicis versari– to take part in politics.
rei publicae deesse (opp. adesse) – to take no part in politics.
a negotiis publicis se removere– to retire from public life.
a re publica recedere– to retire from public life.
in otium se referre (Fam. 99) – to retire into private life.
vita privata (Senect. 7. 22) – private life.
publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere– to shun publicity.
forensi luce carere– to shun publicity.
rem publicam tueri, stabilire– to defend, strengthen the state.
res publica stat (opp. iacet) – the state is secure.
rem publicam augere, amplificare– to aggrandise, extend the power of the state.
saluti rei publicae non deesse– to further the common weal.
rei publicae 250 causa (Sest. 47. 101) – for political reasons.
e re publica (opp. contra rem p.) – for the advantage of the state; in the interests of the state.
summa res publica (or summa rei publicae) – the welfare of the state.
commoda publica or rei publicae rationes– the interests of the state.
rei publicae rationibus or simply rei publicae consulere– to further the public interests.
ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre– to consider a thing from a political point of view.
in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere (Fam. 10. 1. 2) – to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre– to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere (Phil. 14. 5. 13) – to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre– to devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state.
bene, optime sentire de re publica– to have the good of the state at heart.
omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire– to have the good of the state at heart.
rector civitatis (De Or. 1. 48. 211) – the head of the state.
viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti or viri in re publica prudentes– statesmen.
auctores consilii publici– statesmen.
principes rem publicam administrantes or simply principes– statesmen.
prudentia (civilis) (De Or. 1. 19. 85) – statesmanship; political wisdom.
homo in re publica exercitatus– an experienced politician.
res civiles– political questions.
plus in re publica videre– to possess great political insight.
longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae (De Amic. 12. 40) – to foresee political events long before.
alicuius in re publica or capessendae rei publicae consilia eo spectant, ut…– a man's policy is aiming at, directed towards…
rei publicae muneribus orbatus– banished from public life.
gerendis negotiis orbatus (Fin. 5. 20. 57) – banished from public life.
2. Civil Rights – Rank
civitate donare aliquem (Balb. 3. 7) – to make a man a citizen.
in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem– to enroll as a citizen, burgess.
civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire– to present a person with the freedom of the city.
civitatem mutare (Balb. 11. 27) – to naturalise oneself as a citizen of another country.
generis antiquitate florere– to be of noble family.
nobilitati favere (Sest. 9. 21) – to be a friend of the aristocracy.
nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse– to be a friend of the aristocracy.
homo novus 251– a parvenu (a man no member of whose family has held curule office).
ordo senatorius (amplissimus)– the senatorial order.
ordo equester (splendidissimus)– the equestrian order; the knights.
summo loco natus– of high rank.
nobili, honesto, illustri loco or genere natus– of illustrious family.
humili, obscuro loco natus– of humble, obscure origin.
humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus– of humble, obscure origin.
infimo loco natus– from the lowest classes.
equestri loco natus or ortus– a knight by birth.
summi (et) infimi (Rep. 1. 34. 53) – high and low.
homines omnis generis– people of every rank.
homines omnium ordinum et aetatum– people of every rank and age.
homo plebeius, de plebe– one of the people.
traduci ad plebem (Att. 1. 18. 4) – to get oneself admitted as a plebeian.
transitio ad plebem (Brut. 16. 62) – to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.
traductio ad plebem– to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.
unus de or e multis– one of the crowd; a mere individual.
faex populi, plebis, civitatis– the dregs of the people.
infima fortuna or condicio servorum– a degraded, servile condition.
unus e togatorum numero– an ordinary, average Roman citizen.
3. Dignity – Position – Honours – Pre-Eminence – (cf. v. 17)
dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere– to guard, maintain one's dignity.
dignitati suae servire, consulere– to be careful of one's dignity.
aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere (B. G. 7. 39) – to elevate to the highest dignity.
principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere– to occupy the first, second position in the state.
in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse– to occupy a very high position in the state.
aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare (Dom. 37. 98) – to depose, bring down a person from his elevated position.
aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere– to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).
aliquem gradu movere, depellere or de gradu (statu) deicere– to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).
dignitatis gradum ascendere– to attain a position of dignity.
ad honores ascendere– to rise, mount to the honours of office.
amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci– to reach the highest grade of office.
ad summos honores pervenire (cf. also sect. V. 17) – to attain to the highest offices.
vir defunctus honoribus– a man who has held every office (up to the consulship).
principatum tenere, obtinere– to occupy the leading position.
de principatu deiectus (B. G. 7. 63) – deposed from one's high position.
contendere cum aliquo de principatu (Nep. Arist. 1) – to contend with some one for the pre-eminence.
primas (e.g. sapientiae) alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere– to give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to some one.