13. Discontent – Anger – Revenge – Fury
aegre, graviter, moleste, indigne ferre aliquid– to be discontented, vexed at a thing; to chafe.
indignitas, atrocitas rei (Mur. 25. 51) – the revolting nature of an action.
o facinus indignum! (Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 118) – monstrous!
ira incensum esse– to be fired with rage.
iracundia inflammatum esse– to be fired with rage.
ira ardere (Flacc. 35. 88) – to be fired with rage.
iracundia exardescere, effervescere– to be transported with passion.
iracundia efferri– to be carried away by one's anger.
ira defervescit (Tusc. 4. 36. 78) – his anger cools.
virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem (De Amic. 23. 87) – to vent one's anger, spite on some one.
iram in aliquem effundere– to vent one's anger, spite on some one.
iram, bilem evomere in aliquem– to vent one's anger, spite on some one.
irae indulgere (Liv. 23. 3) – to give free play to one's anger.
praecipitem in iram esse (Liv. 23. 7) – to be short-tempered; to be prone to anger.
animum explere– to cool one's anger.
iracundiam continere, cohibere, reprimere– to restrain, master one's passion.
iram restinguere, sedare– to calm one's anger.
animum alicuius ab iracundia revocare– to prevent some one from growing angry, appease his anger.
stomachum, bilem alicui movere– to excite a person's wrath.
ulcisci aliquem, 191 poenas expetere ab aliquo– to revenge oneself on some one.
ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere– to revenge oneself for a thing.
ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo or pro aliqua re– to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf.
poenas alicuius or alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo– to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf.
iniurias persequi (Verr. 2. 3. 9) – to avenge an insult.
impellere aliquem in furorem– to make some one furious.
furore inflammari, incendi– to become furious.
furore incensus, abreptus, impulsus– in a transport of rage.
indignatio aliquem incedit– to be filled with indignation.
indignationes (Liv. 25. 1. 9) – signs of irritation, of discontent.
X. Virtues and Vices
1. Virtue – Morality
vita honesta (turpis)– a virtuous (immoral) life.
honesta expetere; turpia fugere– to follow virtue; to flee from vice.
virtute praeditum, ornatum esse (opp. vitiis obrutum esse) – to be virtuous.
viam virtutis ingredi (Off. 1. 32. 118) – to walk in the ways of virtue.
omnia consilia et facta ad virtutem referre 192 (Phil. 10. 10. 20) – to make virtue the standard in every thought and act.
virtutem sequi, virtutis studiosum esse– to strive to attain virtue.
virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi (Tusc. 1. 45. 109) – to live a perfect life.
virtutem pristinam retinere– to live as scrupulously moral a life as ever.
nihil ex pristina virtute remittere– to live as scrupulously moral a life as ever.
summum bonum 193 in virtute ponere– to consider virtue the highest good.
virtus hoc habet, ut…– this is a characteristic of virtue, it…
a virtute discedere or deficere– to deviate from the path of virtue.
honestatem deserere– to deviate from the path of virtue.
a maiorum virtute desciscere, degenerare, deflectere– to deteriorate.
a parentibus degenerare– to degenerate (from one's ancestors).
corrumpi, depravari– to be demoralised, corrupted.
excitare aliquem ad virtutem– to rouse in some one an enthusiasm for virtue.
bonitas (Fin. 5. 29. 65) – kindheartedness.
naturae bonitas (Off. 1. 32. 118) – innate goodness, kindness.
naturae bona– natural advantages.
2. Vice – Crime
omni vitio carere– to be free from faults.
vitia erumpunt (in aliquem) (De Amic. 21. 76) – his vices betray themselves.
animum vitiis dedere– to abandon oneself to vice.
vitiis, sceleribus contaminari or se contaminare (Off. 3. 8. 37) – to be tainted with vice.
vitiis, sceleribus inquinatum, contaminatum, obrutum esse– to be vicious, criminal.
vitia exstirpare et funditus tollere– to eradicate vice.
vita omnibus flagitiis, 194 vitiis dedita– a life defiled by every crime.
vita omnibus flagitiis inquinata– a life defiled by every crime.
natura proclivem esse ad vitia– to have a natural propensity to vice.
scelera moliri (Att. 7. 11) – to meditate crime.
scelus facere, committere– to commit crime.
facinus facere, committere– to do a criminal deed.
scelere se devincire, se obstringere, astringi– to commit a crime and so make oneself liable to the consequences of it.
scelus (in se) concipere, suscipere– to commit a crime and so make oneself liable to the consequences of it.
scelus edere in aliquem (Sest. 26. 58) – to commit a crime against some one.
scelus scelere cumulare (Catil. 1. 6. 14) – to heap crime on crime.
scelus 195 supplicio expiare– to expiate a crime by punishment.
3. Desire – Passion – Self-Control
cupiditate alicuius rei accensum, inflammatum esse– to be fired with desire of a thing.
cupiditate alicuius rei ardere, flagrare– to have an ardent longing for a thing.
cupiditatem alicuius accendere– to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.
aliquem ad cupiditatem incitare– to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.
aliquem cupiditate inflammare– to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.
cupiditatibus occaecari (Fin. 1. 10. 33) – to be blinded by passions.
libidine ferri– to be carried away by one's passions.
se (totum) libidinibus dedere– to abandon oneself (entirely) to debauchery.
cupiditatibus servire, pārēre– to be the slave of one's desires.
praecipitem ferri aliqua re (Verr. 5. 46. 121) – to be carried away by something.
homo impotens sui– a man of no self-control, self-indulgent.
homo effrenatus, intemperans– a man of no self-control, self-indulgent.
sibi imperare or continere et coercere se ipsum– to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.
animum regere, coercere, cohibere– to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.
animum vincere (Marcell. 3. 8) – to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.
imperare cupiditatibus– to overcome one's passions.
coercere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates– to overcome one's passions.
refrenare cupiditates, libidines– to bridle one's desires.
effrenatae cupiditates– unrestrained, unbridled lust.
indomitae animi cupiditates– unrestrained, unbridled lust.
cupiditates explere, satiare– to satisfy one's desires.
libidinem alicuius excitare– to arouse some one's lust.
libido dominatur (Or. 65. 219) – the passions win the day.
libido consēdit– the storm of passion has abated.
cupiditates deferbuerunt (Cael. 18. 43) – the passions have cooled down.
animi perturbationes exstirpare– to eradicate passion from the mind.
4. Wrong – Insult – Outrage – Offence
iniuriam inferre, facere alicui– to wrong a person.
iniuria afficere aliquem– to wrong a person.
iniuria lacessere aliquem– to provoke a person by a gratuitous insult.
iniuria abstinere (Off. 3. 17. 72) – to refrain from doing a wrong, an injustice.
iniuriam accipere– to be the victim of an injustice.
iniuriam ferre, pati– to suffer wrong.
iniurias defendere, repellere, propulsare– to repel an injury.
iniurias neglegere– to leave a wrong unpunished, to ignore it.
ab iniuria aliquem defendere– to protect any one from wrong.
satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis– to give some one satisfaction for an injury.
contumelia aliquem afficere– to insult some one.
voces (verba) contumeliosae– insulting expressions.
verborum contumeliae– insulting expressions.
contumeliosis vocibus prosequi aliquem (vid. sect. VI. 11, note Prosequi…) – to use insulting expressions to any one.
maledictis aliquem onerare, lacerare– to heap abuse on some one.
offendere aliquem, alicuius animum– to hurt some one's feelings.
offendere apud aliquem (Cluent. 23. 63) – to hurt some one's feelings.
in offensionem alicuius incurrere (Verr. 1. 12. 35) – to hurt some one's feelings.
offendi aliqua re (animus offenditur)– to feel hurt by something.
offendere in aliquo (Mil. 36. 99) – to have something to say against a person, to object to him.
offendere 196 in aliqua re (Cluent. 36. 98) – to take a false step in a thing; to commit an indiscretion.
offensionem habere– to give offense to, to shock a person (used of things, vid. sect. V. 18).
res habet aliquid offensionis– there is something repulsive about the thing.
5. Violence – Ambuscade – Threats
vim adhibere, facere alicui– to use violence against some one.
vim inferre alicui– to do violence to a person.
vim et manus afferre alicui (Catil. 1. 8. 21) – to kill with violence.
vim vi depellere– to meet force by force.
vi vim illatam defendere– to meet force by force.
insidias collocare, locare (Mil. 10. 27) – to set an ambuscade.
insidias alicui parare, facere, struere, instruere, tendere– to waylay a person.
aliquem in insidiis locare, collocare, ponere– to place some one in ambush.
aliquem in insidias elicere, inducere– to draw some one into an ambush.
subsidere in insidiis (Mil. 19. 49) – to place oneself in ambush.
minitari (minari) alicui mortem, crucem et tormenta, bellum– to threaten some one with death, crucifixion, torture, war.
minitari alicui igni ferroque (Phil. 13. 9. 21) – to threaten with fire and sword.
denuntiare 197 bellum, caedem (Sest. 20. 46) – to threaten war, carnage.
minas iacere, iactare– to use threats.
minis uti– to use threats.
6. Appearance – Deceit – Falsehood – Derision
speciem alicuius rei habere– to have the appearance of something.
speciem alicuius rei praebere– to give the impression of…; have the outward aspect of…
speciem prae se ferre 198– to give the impression of…; have the outward aspect of…
in speciem– apparently; to look at.
specie (De Amic. 13. 47) – apparently; to look at.
per speciem (alicuius rei)– apparently; to look at.
per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei– under pretext, pretence of…
simulare morbum– to pretend to be ill.
dissimulare 199 morbum– to pretend not to be ill.
aliquis simulat aegrum or se esse aegrum– some one feigns illness.
aliter sentire ac loqui (aliud sentire, aliud loqui)– to think one thing, say another; to conceal one's opinions.
per dolum (B. G. 4. 13) – by craft.
dolis et fallaciis (Sall. Cat. 11. 2) – by the aid of fraud and lies.
sine fuco ac fallaciis (Att. 1. 1. 1) – without any disguise, frankly.
verba dare alicui (Att. 15. 16) – to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes.
mendacium dicere– to tell lies.
falsa (pro veris) dicere– to tell lies.
ludere, irridere, deridere aliquem– to make sport of, rally a person.
illudere alicui or in aliquem (more rarely aliquem) – to make sport of, rally a person.
ludibrio esse alicui– to serve as some one's butt.
in ludibrium verti (Tac. Ann. 12. 26) – to become an object of ridicule; to be laughed at.
omnibus artibus aliquem ludificari, eludere– to fool a person thoroughly.
per ludibrium– in sport, mockery.
7. Duty – Inclination
officium suum facere, servare, colere, tueri, exsequi, praestare– to do one's duty.
officio suo satisfacere (Div. in Caec. 14. 47) – to do one's duty.
officio suo fungi– to do one's duty.
omnes officii partes exsequi– to fulfil one's duty in every detail.
nullam officii partem deserere– to fulfil one's duty in every detail.
diligentem esse in retinendis officiis– to be exact, punctual in the performance of one's duty.
officium suum deserere, neglegere– to neglect one's duty.
ab officio discedere– to neglect one's duty.
de, ab officio decedere– to neglect one's duty.
officio suo deesse (Fam. 7. 3) – to neglect one's duty.
ad officium redire– to return to one's duties.
in officio manere (Att. 1. 3) – to remain faithful to one's duty.
contra officium est c. Inf. – it is a breach of duty to…
ab officio abduci, avocari– to let oneself be perverted from one's duty.
salvo 200 officio (Off. 3. 1. 4) – without violating, neglecting one's duty.
multa et magna inter nos officia 201 intercedunt (Fam. 13. 65) – we are united by many mutual obligations.
in aliquem officia conferre– to be courteous, obliging to some one.
aliquem officiis suis complecti, prosequi– to be courteous, obliging to some one.
officiosum esse in aliquem– to be courteous, obliging to some one.
litterae officii or humanitatis plenae– a most courteous letter.
studere alicui rei, studiosum esse alicuius rei– to have an inclination for a thing.
studio alicuius rei teneri– to have an inclination for a thing.
propensum, proclivem esse ad aliquid (opp. alienum, aversum esse, abhorrere ab aliqua re) – to have an inclination for a thing.
studiis suis obsequi (De Or. 1. 1. 3) – to follow one's inclinations.
sibi or ingenio suo indulgere (Nep. Chabr. 3) – to indulge one's caprice.
8. Reason – Conscience – Remorse
rationis participem (opp. expertem) esse– to be endowed with reason.
ratione praeditum esse, uti– to be endowed with reason.
prudenter, considerate, consilio agere (opp. temere, nullo consilio, nulla ratione) – to act reasonably, judiciously.
sapere (Off. 2. 14. 48) – to be a man of sense, judgment.
resipiscere (Att. 4. 5. 2) – to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.
ad sanitatem reverti, redire– to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.
ad bonam frugem se recipere– to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.
ad sanitatem adducere, revocare aliquem– to bring some one back to his senses.
satin (= satisne) sanus es?– are you in your right mind?
rationi repugnare– to be contrary to all reason.
conscientia recta, recte facti (factorum), virtutis, bene actae vitae, rectae voluntatis– a good conscience.
mens bene sibi conscia– a good conscience.
conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti– a guilty conscience.
animus male sibi conscius– a guilty conscience.
nullius culpae sibi conscium esse– to be conscious of no ill deed.
conscientia morderi (Tusc. 4. 20. 45) – to be conscience-stricken.
conscientiae maleficiorum stimulant aliquem– his guilty conscience gives him no rest.
conscientia mala angi, excruciari– to be tormented by remorse.
(mens scelerum furiis agitatur) – to be tormented by remorse.
conscientia recte factorum erigi– to congratulate oneself on one's clear conscience.
Furiae agitant et vexant aliquem– the Furies harass and torment some one.
9. Measure – Standard – Limit – Moderation
modum tenere, retinere 202 , servare, adhibere– to observe moderation, be moderate.
omnia modice agere– to be moderate in all things, commit no excess.
modum facere, statuere, constituere alicui rei or alicuius rei– to set a limit to a thing.
modum transire– to pass the limit.
extra modum prodire– to pass the limit.
ultra modum 203 progredi– to pass the limit.
metiri, ponderare, aestimare, iudicare aliquid (ex) aliqua re– to measure something by the standard of something else; to make something one's criterion.
dirigere or referre aliquid ad aliquam rem– to measure something by the standard of something else; to make something one's criterion.
fines certos terminosque constituere– to impose fixed limitations.
terminis circumscribere aliquid– to set bounds to a thing, limit it.
moderatum, continentem esse– to behave with moderation.
moderatum se praebere– to behave with moderation.
temperantia uti– to behave with moderation.
moderationem, modum adhibere in aliqua re– to show moderation in a matter.
moderari aliquid (Flacc. 5. 12) – to show moderation in a matter.
modice ac sapienter– with moderation and judgment.
sine modo; nullo modo adhibito– with no moderation.
extra, praeter modum– beyond all measure.
mediocritatem tenere (Off. 1. 25. 89) – to observe the golden mean.
10. Morals – Immorality – Principles – Character
homo bene (male) moratus– a moral (immoral) man.
homo perditus– a depraved, abandoned character.
praecepta de moribus or de virtute– moral precepts.
morum praecepta tradere alicui– to give moral advice, rules of conduct.
de virtute praecipere alicui– to give moral advice, rules of conduct.
mores corrupti or perditi– moral corruption (not corruptela morum).
tam perditis or corruptis moribus– amongst such moral depravity.
mores in dies magis labuntur (also with ad, e.g. ad mollitiem) – immorality is daily gaining ground.
severus morum castigator– a stern critic of morals.
aliquid abhorret a meis moribus (opp. insitum \[atque innatum\est animo or in animo alicuius) – something is contrary to my moral sense, goes against my principles.
consilia et facta (cf. sect. X. 1, note For "thoughts and deeds"…) – thought and deed.
institutum tenere– to remain true to one's principles.
ratione; animi quodam iudicio– on principle.
vitae ratio bene ac sapienter instituta– a sound and sensible system of conduct.
meae vitae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae (Imp. Pomp. 1. 1.) – the principles which I have followed since I came to man's estate.
certas rationes in agendo 204 sequi– to follow fixed principles of conduct.
omnia temere agere, nullo iudicio uti– to have no principles.
caeco impetu ferri– to have no principles.
natura et mores; vita moresque; indoles animi ingeniique; or simply ingenium, indoles, natura, mores– character.
vir constans, gravis (opp. homo inconstans, levis) – a man of character, with a strong personality.
sibi constare, constantem esse– to be consistent.
animo mobili esse (Fam. 5. 2. 10) – to be inconsistent, changeable.
aliquid est proprium alicuius– something is a characteristic of a man.
mobilitas et levitas animi– inconsistency; changeability.
XI. Religion
1. God – Worship
numen (deorum) divinum– the sovereign power of the gods.
dei propitii (opp. irati) – the favour of heaven.
superi; inferi– the gods of the upper, lower world.
inferi (Orcus and Tartarus only poetical) – the world below.
ad inferos descendere– to descend to the world below.
apud inferos esse– to be in the lower world.
aliquem ab inferis or a mortuis evocare, excitare (passive ab inferis exsistere) – to summon some one from the dead.
deos sancte, pie venerari– to be an earnest worshipper of the gods.
deum rite (summa religione) colere– to honour the gods with all due ceremonial (very devoutly).
cultus dei, deorum (N. D. 2. 3. 8) – worship of the gods; divine service.
sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae– ritual; ceremonial.
rebus divinis interesse (B. G. 6. 13) – to take part in divine service (of the priest).
sacris adesse– to be present at divine service (of the people).
sacris initiari (Quintil. 12. 10. 14) – to be initiated into the mysteries of a cult.
templa deorum adire– to make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the gods.
numerum deorum obtinere (N. D. 3. 20) – to be regarded as a god.
aliquem in deorum numerum referre, reponere– to deify a person.
aliquem in deorum numero referre– to consider as a god.
aliquem divino honere colere– to pay divine honours to some one.
alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere– to pay divine honours to some one.
propius ad deos accedere (Mil. 22. 59) – to approach the gods.
supera et caelestia; humana et citerioria– heavenly things; earthly things.
divinitus (De Or. 1. 46. 202) – by divine inspiration (often = marvellously, excellently).
divinitus accidit– it happened miraculously.
2. Religion – Religious Scruple – Oath
imbuere (vid. sect. VII. 7, note imbuere…) pectora religione205– to inspire with religious feeling, with the fear of God.
audientium animos religione perfundere (Liv. 10. 388) – to fill the souls of one's audience with devotion.
religionem ex animis extrahere (N. D. 1. 43. 121) – to banish devout sentiment from the minds of others.
omnem religionem tollere, delere– to annihilate all religious feeling.
religionem labefactare (vid. sect. V. 7, note In Latin metaphor…) – to shake the foundations of religion.
religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos (Liv. 6. 1. 10) – to have power over the people by trading on their religious scruples.
religionem alicui afferre, inicere, incutere– to inspire some one with religious scruples.
aliquid religioni habere or in religionem vertere– to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing.
aliquid in religionem alicui venit– to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing.
nulla religio– absence of scruples, unconscientiousness.
religionem externam suscipere– to embrace a strange religion.
novas religiones instituere– to introduce a new religion, a new cult.
bellum pro religionibus susceptum– a religious war.
violatas caerimonias inexpiabili religione sancire (Tusc. 1. 12. 27) – to invoke an irrevocable curse on the profanation of sacred rites.
iusiurandum dare alicui 206– to swear an oath to a person.
ex animi mei sententia iuro– I swear on my conscience.
iureiurando aliquem astringere– to bind some one by an oath.
iureiurando aliquem adigere– to make some one take an oath.
iureiurando ac fide se obstringere, ut– to promise an oath to…
iureiurando teneri (Off. 3. 27. 100) – to be bound by oath.
iusiurandum (religionem) servare, conservare– to keep one's oath.
periurium facere; peierare– to commit perjury, perjure oneself.
iusiurandum violare– to break one's oath.